[Digestion] Digestion Digest, Vol 12, Issue 8
stan simon
slsimon at tds.net
Tue Jun 5 16:09:11 CDT 2007
Regarding the energy requirements of pasteurization, it seems that a heat
exchanger could be utilized to cool the out going flow, this heat could be
directed to the flow being pasteurized, thus the heat requirement would be
lessened.
If discharging into a public sewer, some sort of cooling would generally be
required.
One purveyor of AD systems pasteurizes twice, both on incoming flow and out
going flow. My understanding of the incoming pasteurization is to minimize
unwanted bacterial species. They have a means of establishing and retaining
the desired bacteria so that the outgoing flow does not depopulate the
reactor. The second pasteurization is more of a "feel good thing" to make
regulators happy.
Stan L Simon, P.E.
S. L. Simon Engineering P.A.
8060 160th Av NE
Kerkhoven, MN 56252
320-264-5354 Phone/Fax
320-894-1117 Cell
slsimon at tds.net
----- Original Message -----
From: <digestion-request at listserv.repp.org>
To: <digestion at listserv.repp.org>
Sent: Tuesday, June 05, 2007 5:20 AM
Subject: Digestion Digest, Vol 12, Issue 8
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> Today's Topics:
>
> 1. Re: Microlagae spriulina feedstock (David Fulford)
> 2. Re: Microlagae spriulina is a "good" feedstock (jc clerc)
> 3. References to Dennis Burkes' addresses, numbers, and
> materials... (JGBellHimself)
> 4. Article[s] about XL Dairy Group; and their web site....
> (JGBellHimself)
> 5. Infinifuel biodiesel plant in Wabuska uses geothermal energy
> and crops to create alternative energy (JGBellHimself)
> 6. Directory: Biofuels from Algae Oil (JGBellHimself)
> 7. Inactivation of pathogens (Claudia wendland)
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Message: 1
> Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2007 17:09:51 +0100
> From: David Fulford <d.j.fulford at reading.ac.uk>
> Subject: Re: [Digestion] Microlagae spriulina feedstock
> To: adkarve <adkarve at pn2.vsnl.net.in>,DIGESTION at LISTSERV.REPP.ORG
> Message-ID: <5.2.1.1.2.20070604170424.0482ef38 at pophost.rdg.ac.uk>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"; format=flowed
>
> Apologies to the list, I should check my facts before making comments.
>
> The Phyllis data base confirms that there is very a good Nitrogen content
> in algae. In that case, algae would make a good feed for a biogas plant,
> even without other feedstocks.
>
> As others have suggested, the algae are good at cleaning polluted water,
> so
> they could be used to concentrate the COD from dirty water for making
> biogas.
>
> Cheers,
>
> David
>
>
> At 11:44 03/06/2007 +0530, adkarve wrote:
>>Dear David,
>>as far as I know, green and blue-green algae are full of nitrogen, quite
>>comparable to green leaves. One dry weight basis, Spirulina contains 70%
>>protein.
>>Yours
>>A.D.Karve
>
> *** Dr David Fulford, MSc Renewable Energy, Engineering Building ***
> *** School of Construction Management and Engineering ***
> *** The University of Reading, Whiteknights, ***
> *** Reading RG6 6AY, UK Tel: +44-(0)118-378 8563, ***
> *** Fax: +44-(0)118-931 3327 E-mail: D.J.Fulford at Reading.ac.uk ***
>
>
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 2
> Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2007 18:52:47 +0200
> From: "jc clerc" <jc_clerc at hotmail.com>
> Subject: Re: [Digestion] Microlagae spriulina is a "good" feedstock
> To: d.j.fulford at reading.ac.uk, adkarve at pn2.vsnl.net.in,
> DIGESTION at LISTSERV.REPP.ORG
> Message-ID: <BAY113-F22E1175FB7D616125292D0E2210 at phx.gbl>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1; format=flowed
>
> Thank you all for your replies.
> We can now consider that producing Spirulinais realistic as an only
> feedstock, also is is a positive way to take care of human waste/CO2.
> Thank's again and I'll share our results once we have tested this
> solution.
>
> Kind regards
> Jean-charles
>
>
>
>
>>From: David Fulford <d.j.fulford at reading.ac.uk>
>>To: adkarve <adkarve at pn2.vsnl.net.in>,DIGESTION at LISTSERV.REPP.ORG
>>Subject: Re: [Digestion] Microlagae spriulina feedstock
>>Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2007 17:09:51 +0100
>>
>>Apologies to the list, I should check my facts before making comments.
>>
>>The Phyllis data base confirms that there is very a good Nitrogen content
>>in algae. In that case, algae would make a good feed for a biogas plant,
>>even without other feedstocks.
>>
>>As others have suggested, the algae are good at cleaning polluted water,
>>so
>>they could be used to concentrate the COD from dirty water for making
>>biogas.
>>
>>Cheers,
>>
>>David
>>
>>
>>At 11:44 03/06/2007 +0530, adkarve wrote:
>> >Dear David,
>> >as far as I know, green and blue-green algae are full of nitrogen, quite
>> >comparable to green leaves. One dry weight basis, Spirulina contains 70%
>> >protein.
>> >Yours
>> >A.D.Karve
>>
>>*** Dr David Fulford, MSc Renewable Energy, Engineering Building ***
>>*** School of Construction Management and Engineering ***
>>*** The University of Reading, Whiteknights, ***
>>*** Reading RG6 6AY, UK Tel: +44-(0)118-378 8563, ***
>>*** Fax: +44-(0)118-931 3327 E-mail: D.J.Fulford at Reading.ac.uk ***
>>
>>
>>_______________________________________________
>>Digestion mailing list
>>Digestion at listserv.repp.org
>>http://listserv.repp.org/mailman/listinfo/digestion_listserv.repp.org
>>Beginner's Guide to Biogas
>>http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/
>>http://info.bioenergylists.org
>
> _________________________________________________________________
> D?couvrez le Blog heroic Fantaisy d'Eragon!
> http://eragon-heroic-fantasy.spaces.live.com/
>
>
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 3
> Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2007 11:42:29 -0700 (PDT)
> From: JGBellHimself <jgbellhimself at yahoo.com>
> Subject: [Digestion] References to Dennis Burkes' addresses, numbers,
> and materials...
> To: Paul Harris <paul.harris at adelaide.edu.au>, Richard Rainey
> <rgrainey at raineytvrosystems.com>
> Cc: DIGESTION at listserv.repp.org
> Message-ID: <238152.34142.qm at web34708.mail.mud.yahoo.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ascii
>
> Good morning..., all...
>
> Some of you asked about how to find "Dennis Burke".
> Here are two things a little better than that:
>
> The following is a Dairy Waste Handbook that was prepared by Dennis Burke
> in 2001
> and is posted on the Internet.
> If you use Google, and search for "Anaerobic Digestion", this is the third
> item shown by Google.
>
> http://www.makingenergy.com/Dairy%20Waste%20Handbook.pdf
>
> What that reference also gives to you is Dennis' home page:
>
> http://www.makingenergy.com/
>
> As you can see, Dennis has been "in the game" for some time...
> and, unlike most AD system providers, he has been willing to share,
> publicly
> with US [in ofA and out]
> what he has been, and is, capable of doing.
>
> I have been looking at AD systems, sold here in the US, for a couple of
> years now
> and this is, still, the most thoroughly thought out system that I have
> found.
>
> Once again, any thoughts about Dennis' AD system would be most
> appreciated.
> AND, any leads on better systems, technology, methods..., really would be
> welcomed.
>
> Good'ay 2U2...
>
>
>
>
> ____________________________________________________________________________________
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> Go to the Yahoo! Mail Q&A for great tips from Yahoo! Answers users.
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>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 4
> Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2007 15:50:15 -0700 (PDT)
> From: JGBellHimself <jgbellhimself at yahoo.com>
> Subject: [Digestion] Article[s] about XL Dairy Group; and their web
> site....
> To: Paul Harris <paul.harris at adelaide.edu.au>, Duncan Martin
> <duncanjmartin at eircom.net>
> Cc: DIGESTION at listserv.repp.org
> Message-ID: <594363.93235.qm at web34710.mail.mud.yahoo.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-7
>
> Morning to you...
>
> You have asked about the info about the AZ refinery that uses AD and
> algae:
> [the Nevada info will follow later]
>
> Trust that you will find this "little company" to spark your interest.
>
> attached below are some of the articles that I found and read...
> and
> this is their web site:
>
> http://xldairygroup.com/index.cfm?page=home
>
> as you will see, one article speaks to US$ 260 Million, and another about
> US$ 400 Million.
>
> ---------------------
>
> The first article that we found was:
> by Julie Murphree at:
> Julie?s Fresh Air:
>
> http://juliemurphree.org/?p=45
>
> The second article appeared in Renewable Energy Access:
>
> http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=48223
>
> The third was in the local Phoenix newspaper:
>
> Land of milk and biofuel
> Ed Taylor, Tribune May 13, 2007
> Milk and biofuel might seem an odd combination, but a Phoenix-based
> company is planning to produce both at a proposed dairy/biorefinery in
> western Arizona.
>
> http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/story/89616
>
> ----------------
>
> Another article appeared in the local Wickenburg Sun:
>
> http://www.wickenburgsun.com/articles/2007/04/24/news/news15.txt
>
> ------------------
>
> And, a more business oriented article was in the Arizona Business Journal:
>
> http://www.nj.com/business/ambizdaily/bizjournals/index.ssf?/base/abd-3/1179124802213310.xml
>
> And, finally, an industry article, various comments:
>
> http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/05/arizona_dairy_g.html
>
>
>
>
> Building a website is a piece of cake.
> Yahoo! Small Business gives you all the tools to get online.
>
>
>
> ____________________________________________________________________________________
> Be a better Globetrotter. Get better travel answers from someone who
> knows. Yahoo! Answers - Check it out.
> http://answers.yahoo.com/dir/?link=list&sid=396545469
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 5
> Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2007 15:52:55 -0700 (PDT)
> From: JGBellHimself <jgbellhimself at yahoo.com>
> Subject: [Digestion] Infinifuel biodiesel plant in Wabuska uses
> geothermal energy and crops to create alternative energy
> To: Paul Harris <paul.harris at adelaide.edu.au>, Duncan Martin
> <duncanjmartin at eircom.net>
> Cc: DIGESTION at listserv.repp.org
> Message-ID: <446229.78219.qm at web34709.mail.mud.yahoo.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ascii
>
> Here is info on the Nevada algae program:
> 1. an article:
> http://www.nevadaappeal.com/article/20070513/BUSINESS/105130100
> and
> 2. their web site:
> http://www.infinifuel.com/
>
> ===========
>
> Oil from algae
>
> Infinifuel biodiesel plant in Wabuska uses geothermal energy and crops to
> create alternative energy
> Karen Woodmansee
> Appeal Staff Writer, kwoodmansee at nevadaappeal.com
> May 13, 2007
> ------------ Photo w article
>
> Claude Sapp, president of Infinifuel Biodiesel talks about plans for algae
> ponds at Infinifuel's site near Wabuska, Nev., on Tuesday. Sapp, is
> working in conjunction with the University of Nevada at Reno and the
> Desert Research Institute to use the algae as a biofuel source. Infinifuel
> is not yet producing biodiesel from algae
> ---------------
>
> Gasoline prices over $3 a gallon, dire warnings about greenhouse effects
> and increased pollution bringing about global warming are causing some
> folks to think more about energy alternatives.
>
> Claude Sapp, principal for Infinifuel Biodiesel, is one of those folks,
> and now he is working to turn the oldest geothermal plant in Nevada into a
> biodiesel processing facility, where camelina oil seed and even algae is
> becoming diesel fuel.
>
> Sapp said any plant that produces high oil yields can someday power a
> vehicle.
>
> "Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil instead of petroleum," he said. "We
> can get it from crambe, canola-type plants, oily seeds, even algae."
>
> He expects to have the first crop available in July, when a crop of
> camelina oil seed will be harvested and sent to a Lovelock plant to be
> crushed.
>
> Eventually, he hopes to have the plant at 15 Julian Lane in Wabuska ready
> to grow its own algae, which he said can be harvested monthly.
>
> "It (algae) starts out in a test tube and replicates itself," he said. "We
> can grow it in our test ponds. It is about a thousand times more
> productive to grow algae than growing oil seed in the dirt. We have plenty
> of land to expand. We can grow acres more than our test ponds."
>
> Sapp said government researchers were initially skeptical about algae
> growing in Nevada's desert climate because of the cool nights, but with
> the geothermal, Infinifuel can maintain a constant temperature.
>
> "We can grow more algae and harvest it more often than we can dry crops,"
> he said.
>
> That doesn't mean dry crops don't have a future with Infinifuel. Sapp said
> he has distributed oil seed to farmers from Eureka to Tonopah and hopes to
> have enough to crush by summer.
>
> "We'll have some at 4,000 feet and 6,000 feet, so we'll get a good idea on
> what grows where," he said. "Farmers from across the state have told me
> they can't keep planting hay and alfalfa."
>
> The plant, which Sapp hopes puts out its first batch of biodiesel in July,
> is almost entirely self-contained, said Sapp, and fits in nicely with the
> ranching and farming environment around Wabuska and Yerington.
>
> It begins with algae or oil seed being nourished by the sun, fertilizer
> and carbon dioxide, then crushed or pressed in a special facility to
> become vegetable oil and biomass. The biomass is added to alcohol, where
> it is mixed with the vegetable oil and heated with geothermal power in a
> biodiesel plant, where it becomes finished biodiesel.
>
> Glycerine, a byproduct of geothermal processing, can be used in dust
> suppression and the biomass, left over from the crushing and pressing
> process, becomes fertilizer or fish or animal food.
>
> The geothermal facility Sapp is using creates enough to power the
> biodiesel plant and even sell some electricity.
>
> "The water at the geothermal plant comes out of the ground at about 220
> degrees," Sapp said. "The plant makes electricity, with any excess sold
> back to Sierra Pacific, so it is all self-contained. We're trying not to
> use any petroleum products at all."
>
> The plant used to produce ethanol, back in the 1980s, Sapp said.
>
> "They tried to do corn ethanol," he said. "But when gas got cheap again,
> they abandoned it."
>
> He doesn't expect that to happen again.
>
> "We got all the cheap stuff (crude oil)," he said. "All what's left is the
> stuff that's hard to get to. There could be hundreds of years of it, but
> it won't be easy or cheap."
>
> Sapp gave a tour of his facility last month to researchers from Desert
> Research Institute and engineers from Summit Engineering, hoping to
> partner with each in the future to improve his operation.
>
> "DRI is the research powerhouse in the state and Summit is the engineering
> and building powerhouse in the state," he said.
>
> Del Fortner, energy and mineral manager for Summit, was impressed with the
> concept.
>
> "The whole thing about renewable energy is it is so compatible with other
> things around it, like agriculture," he said, pointing to cows grazing
> nearby. "They're putting a dairy across the street and he can get
> fertilizer from local ranchers."
>
> Kent Hoekman of DRI said the institute is interested in all types of
> energy research.
>
> "Making fuels from plants and the environmental impact of making
> geothermal and biodiesel we find interesting," he said.
>
> Sapp said he has expansion facilities planned in Hazen and Valmy, near
> Winnemucca and expects to grow thousands of acres of algae and oil seed.
>
> "Valmy for sure," he said. "We have already secured land near the power
> plant to grow algae and oil seed."
>
> He also doesn't plan to limit himself to Nevada, having picked up
> additional investors and land in North Carolina as well.
>
> ------------- Comments:
>
> Re: Oil from algae
> by Anonymous on Monday, May 14 @ 16:20:11 PDT
>
> This is great! Other companies like O2 Diesel are also doing this with a
> variety of cellulostic and alternative oil/sugar producing technologies
> for distillation.
>
>
>
> ____________________________________________________________________________________
> Yahoo! oneSearch: Finally, mobile search
> that gives answers, not web links.
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>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 6
> Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2007 16:20:02 -0700 (PDT)
> From: JGBellHimself <jgbellhimself at yahoo.com>
> Subject: [Digestion] Directory: Biofuels from Algae Oil
> To: Paul Harris <paul.harris at adelaide.edu.au>, Duncan Martin
> <duncanjmartin at eircom.net>
> Cc: DIGESTION at listserv.repp.org
> Message-ID: <101308.63975.qm at web34706.mail.mud.yahoo.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="windows-1252"
>
> Gooday to U2:
>
> This is not only the last e-mail from me today, but probably for weeks or
> months.
> In the mean time:
>
> "May your personal digestion keep working properly for you...!"
>
> IF you you are interested in Algae Oil
> you might want to take a look at this web site, and the information
> provided there.
> True, is looks as if it is primarily focused on "biodiesel".
> However, many new biodiesel efforts ARE looking at "algae" in very
> different ways.
>
> ----------
> Note the other research directories/info at the bottom
>
> ==============
> Directory: Biodiesel from Algae Oil
>
>
>
> The advantages of deriving biodiesel from algae include rapid growth
> rates, a high per-acre yield; and algae biofuel contains no sulfur, is
> non-toxic, and is highly biodegradable. Some species of algae are ideally
> suited to biodiesel production due to their high oil content--in some
> species, topping out near 50%.
> ----------------
> http://www.peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Biodiesel_from_Algae_Oil
> --------------------
> Table of contents:
> 1 Overview
>
> 1.1 About Algae
> 1.2 Biomass Yield
> 1.3 Oil Yield
>
> 2 Companies
>
> 3 In the News
>
> 4 Discussion Groups
>
> 5 Skeptics
>
> 6 See also
>
>
> Overview :
> About Algae:
> Oilgae.com (http://www.oilgae.com/) - Biodiesel from Algae Oil ? Info,
> Resources, News & Links
> Algae range from small, single-celled organisms to multi-cellular
> organisms, some with fairly complex differentiated form. Algae are usually
> found in damp places or bodies of water and thus are common in terrestrial
> as well as aquatic environments. Like plants, algae require primarily
> three components to grow: sunlight, carbon-di-oxide & water.
> Photosynthesis is an important biochemical process in which plants, algae,
> and some bacteria convert the energy of sunlight to chemical energy. The
> existing large-scale natural sources are of algae are: Bogs, marshes &
> swamps - Salt marshes and salt lakes. Microalgae contain lipids and fatty
> acids as membrane components, storage products, metabolites and sources of
> energy. Algae contain anywhere between 2% and 40% of lipids/oils by
> weight. There are three well-known methods to extract the oil from
> oilseeds, and these methods should apply equally well for algae too: 1.
> Expeller/Press 2. Hexane solvent oil extraction 3. Supercritical
> Fluid extraction
> Biomass Yield:
> Algal Biomass Yields versus Phytomass Yields of Tropical Crops
> (http://biopact.com/2007/01/in-depth-look-at-biofuels-from-algae.html)
> These are the yields obtained in stable cultures during an entire year, as
> reported by the Aquatic Species Program. All other results from that
> program show either unstable growth or yields obtained over short periods
> of time (often, during winter months when algae productivity drops
> significantly, the Aquatic Species Program discontinued the cultures.)
> Metric Tons/Hectare/Year
> M. minutum (algae), 1989.....35.8
>
> M. minutum (algae), 1989.....30.3
>
> M. minutum (algae), 1990.....38.3
>
> Algae (no species mentioned), 1978.....43.8
>
> Algae (no species mentioned), 1978.....51.1
>
> Sugarcane.....79.2 [Brazilian average, 2005]
>
> Sorghum.....70 [Average for Andhra Pradesh, India, 2005]
>
> Cassava.....65 [Nigeria, 1985]
>
> Oil palm.....50 [Global average, including low yields in Africa; in
> Malaysia, average yields are 75 MT/ha/yr]
>
> Arundo Donax.....50 [Grown in sub-tropics, Handbook of Energy Crops]
> Oil Yield:
> Cultivating Algae for Liquid Fuel Production
> (http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm)
> Gallons of Oil per Acre per Year
>
> Corn . . . . . . . 15
>
> Soybeans . . . .48
>
> Safflower. . . . . 83
>
> Sunflower . . . 102
>
> Rapeseed. . . 127
>
> Oil Palm . . . . 635
>
> Micro Algae . .1850 [based on actual biomass yields]
>
> Micro Algae . .5000-15000 [theoretical laboratory yield]
>
> =============
> See also:
> Directory: Biodiesel
> Directory: Waste to Energy
> Directory: Biomass
> Green Algae for Hydrogen Production
> Directory: GeoBioreactors
> Directory: Microbial_Enhanced_Oil_Recovery
> Directory: Non-Fossil Oil
> Directory: Alternative Fuels
>
>
>
> ____________________________________________________________________________________
> Be a better Globetrotter. Get better travel answers from someone who
> knows. Yahoo! Answers - Check it out.
> http://answers.yahoo.com/dir/?link=list&sid=396545469
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 7
> Date: Tue, 05 Jun 2007 11:22:39 +0200
> From: Claudia wendland <c.wendland at tuhh.de>
> Subject: [Digestion] Inactivation of pathogens
> To: digestion at listserv.repp.org
> Message-ID: <46652B5F.2090503 at tuhh.de>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed
>
> In Germany it is required by law to pasteurise the feedstock in case
> there is organic waste added. Pasteurisation is quite energy intensive.
> I made some experiments to acidify the feedstock (at 20 degrees for 5
> days) before feeding at pH around 4 and I got good results for
> inactivation of e-Coli.
> Has anybody experience with this type of pre-treatment?
>
> Claudia
>
> --
> ***********************************************************
> Claudia Wendland
> Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection
> Hamburg University of Technology
> Ei?endorfer Stra?e 42
> 21073 Hamburg
> Tel:+49 40 42878 3441
> Fax:+49 40 42878 2684
> c.wendland at tuhh.de
> www.tu-harburg.de/aww
> ***********************************************************
>
>
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> _______________________________________________
> Digestion mailing list
> Digestion at listserv.repp.org
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>
> End of Digestion Digest, Vol 12, Issue 8
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