[Gasification] Gasification material for gasification, elephant grass

[Benjamin Domingo Bof]

Energy: Capim elephant, new champion in biomass in Brazil Mario Osava  Rio De Janeiro, 09/10/2007(IPS) - the sugar cane-of-sugar little by little loses its leadership in energy efficiency. Studies of the Center of Agrobiologia of the Brazilian Company of Farming Research (Embrapa) point capim elephant as a species of immensely superior potential.  Its dry biomass can generate 25 units of energy for each one of consumed fossil origin in its production. In turn, the sugar cane, converted into etanol, reaches only a nine relation for one. But these two leaders in energy rocking face distinct challenges and ways before they can compete, for example, in electricity generation.  Capim elephant, whose scientific name is Pennisetum pupureum, recently only despertou the interest of the great consumers and entrepreneurs of energy, after decades of scientific research. One is about a grassy fellow creature to the sugar cane, brought of used Africa it has at least one century and as
 food for the cattle. The energy interest for is species was despertado by its high productivity. While eucalipto, tree more in Brazil to produce cellulose and vegetal coal, supplies 7,5 tons of dry biomass for hectare to the year, in average, and up to 20 tons in the best conditions, capim reaches of 30 the 40 tons, affirmed to the IPS the technician Vicente Mazzarella, who studies this species since 1991 in the Institute of Pesquisas Tecnológicas (IPT), of the government of the State of São Paulo.  Moreover, eucalipto needs seven years to reach a convenient size for the cut, while capim offers the two four annual harvests, had to its fast growth. E its productivity can be extended, since it is treated to a species little studied and without genetic improvement. It has about 200 varieties and delay to identify the ones that if better develop in the different conditions of climate and ground, said Mazzarella. The Embrapa Agrobiologia identified, after 10 years of studies,
 three interesting varieties for energy ends, for its good productivity without nitrogenada fertilização. The research in this in case that it searchs capim less nutritional possible, the opposite of that if it made traditionally with the intention of feeding the cattle.  It is that the presence of many nutrients, as you leave minerals, generates leached ashes that can damage the siderurgical ovens, explained to the IPS Bruno Alves, agronomist that elephant in the Embrapa Agrobiologia, led for According to Urquiaga participates of the team of research of capim. Therefore the tests had been made with varieties that can grow m poor ground, looking for to use the minimum of fertilizers, but without sacrificing the biomass productivity. The energy rocking of the grassy one can improve with the biological available nitrogen setting in air, area where the agrobiologico center of the Embrapa accumulated much knowledge in the last decades, inoculating bacteria in leguminosas and
 the sugar cane-of-sugar.  The setting limits it the nitrogen that the necessary plant, eliminating-s the risk of the excess, explained Alves, remembering that this fertilizer is what more demands fossil energy in its production. Eliminating its application in the plantations it is prevented emission of.causing gases of the effect greenhouse. But, capim elephant also presents difficulties. "He likes much water", therefore its tolerance to the long estiagens of the open pasture must be studied, where they are the biggest extensions of available lands for the culture, and if it keeps the productivity with little humidity, Alves recognized. To dry and to compact its biomass are other challenges, admitted Mazzarella.  Capim green elephant contains 80% of water and it does not dry in the environment, as eucalipto, because it will have been crowded can apodrecer. Its drying demands that it is cut in small pieces and some type of energy. Moreover, the compacting is indispensable
 for the storage and the transport, ahead of the great volume of the dry grass. For these reasons, the ceramics industry appears as the initial sector that will stimulate new insumo energy. Its you manufacture you measured they less demand than 100 hectares cultivated in the neighborhoods, excusing the transport and compacting, and can directly use capim in substitution to the firewood or the natural gas. Other activities that only need heat or vapor also will be able to adhere to this alternative in briefing.  However, an average company of electricity, Sykue Bioenergia, advanced the process and contracted the construction of the first termelétrica central office that will be fed with capim elephant. The plant will be raised in Is Desidério, in the interior of the Bahia, as it informed in July the Dedini, the industrial company more known by producing central offices and alcohol distilleries sugar. The central office of the Sykue will cost R$ 80 million and will have to
 initiate its operations in December of 2008. Its capacity will be of 30 megawatts and elephant cultivated in four a thousand hectares will supply itself with capim. The company thinks about making 10 of these central offices and getting carbon credits.  To produce coal from capim elephant, to substitute the mineral coke or the traditional vegetal coal, made of the wood, still will demand much research. But the ambient pressure and the threat of energy deficit in Brazil can reduce the time of its development, stimulating investments of great siderurgical and energy companies. The potential demand for this alternative of energy is immense, according to Mazzarella, that pointed five great markets. Beyond the siderurgy interested in a new vegetal coal that does not cause deforestation, they are the group of great consumers of energy, as the industries of aluminum, chemistry and of cement, beyond the electricity deliverers.  For these last sectors, the biomass energy represents
 a economy-key, because it is treated to supply the consumption in the hours of bigger demand, what more encarece its expenses. For the mining, that imports coal to transform the iron into pellets, especially for exportation, also it would be a economic and ambient solution. Moreover, in the Europe it is in frank expansion the consumption of dry and compact biomass, in the form of small pieces, for example. Considered the serious one, it can open, for Brazil, exportations comparable to the one of etanol, said Mazzarella.  (Envolverde/ IPS) (FIN/2007)

       
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